Method of Diagnosis of a Predisposition to Develop Thrombotic Disease and Its Uses

ABSTRACT

The present invention refers to a method of diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, to test systems and their use for the diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, to a P 2 X 1  promoter variant and its use for screening for an anti-thrombotic agent, and to methods for identifying an individual that can be prophylactically or therapeutically treated with an anti-thrombotic agent, or for adapting a therapeutic or prophylactic dose of an anti-thrombotic agent.

The present invention refers to a method of diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, to test systems and their use for the diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, to a P₂X₁ promoter variant and its use for screening for an anti-thrombotic agent, and to methods for identifying an individual that can be prophylactically or therapeutically treated with an anti-thrombotic agent, or for adapting a therapeutic or prophylactic dose of an anti-thrombotic agent.

Thrombotic disease, such as peripheral vascular disease (PVD), stroke, and myocardial infarction, can be caused by arteriosclerotic plaques or by blood platelet aggregates. The risk of an individual to develop thrombotic disease appears to be influenced, at least in part, by a genetic predisposition. However, the underlying genetic factors are not yet completely known (Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 24:1-14, 2004).

At present, only a small number of diagnostic tests are available for determining the predisposition of an individual for thrombotic disease. (Saffroy R, Lemoine A, Haas p, Tindiliere F, Marion S, Debuire B. Rapid automated simultaneous screening of (G1691 A) Factor V, (G20210A) prothrombin, and (C677T) methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase variants by multiplex PCR using fluorescence scanning technology. Genet Test. 2002 Fall; 6(3):233-6).

However, the known tests all have the problem, that the risk of thrombotic disease of an individual cannot be reliably determined. Therefore there is a need for new test systems which allow to reliably determine the predisposition of an individual of thrombotic disease, in particular the risk of PVD, of stroke, or of myocardial infarction.

It is an object of the present invention to provide more reliable methods of diagnosis of a predisposition of an individual to develop thrombotic disease. In particular, it is desirable to provide a test system for convenient handling of a suitable method of diagnosis, to provide a method and a test system for screening for new anti-thrombotic agents, to provide a method of identifying an anti-thrombotic agent for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of an individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, and to provide a method of adapting a therapeutic or prophylactic dose of an anti-thrombotic agent.

According to a first aspect of the present invention, the object is solved by providing a method of diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, wherein the method comprises: (a) determining the sequence of at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter at least at one of the positions 304, 764, 838, or 1002 of SEQ ID NO: 1, and/or (b) determining the amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample obtained from an individual.

In the present invention, it has surprisingly been found, that the P₂X₁ promoter occurs in humans in the form of P₂X₁ promoter variants comprising sequence variations at the above-identified positions, which are closely correlated to a predisposition of their carriers to develop various forms of thrombotic disease. The present invention is based on the study performed with 1400 patients, which is, due to the high number of patients, very meaningful. Therefore, the present invention provides for the first time a reliable method of diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease. Preferred embodiments of the method of diagnosis of the invention refer to the diagnosis of particular forms of thrombotic disease which are correlated to the presence of particular P₂X₁ promoter variants.

The variations of individual nucleotides in the P₂X₁ promoter as claimed in the present invention occur with a high frequency in a given population, in particular with a frequency >1%, and can therefore be classified as so-called single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). Therefore, they are well suited as diagnostic markers of a predisposition of an individual for developing thrombotic disease.

The single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the P₂X₁ promoter have an impact on the amount of the P₂X₁ protein produced in the respective individual. Therefore, according to the present invention, an altered amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample is the reliable marker for the predisposition to develop thrombotic disease.

The P₂X₁ receptor is a member of the so-called ATP-gated ion channels of the P₂X receptor family. It is found in a multitude of human tissues and cells, for example in neurons, smooth muscle cells, and blood platelets (Gene 2001, Vol 269:167-175; Thromb Haemost 1998, Vol 103:858-866). The amino acid sequence of the P₂X₁ receptor is available under the Accession Number S71927 at the NCBI protein database.

In blood platelets, P₂X₁ is involved in the mobilization of calcium ions and in the initiation of the aggregation of platelets (J Biol Chem 1998, Vol 273:2024-2029). Sporadically, mutations in the gene of the P₂X₁ receptor leading to abnormally strong hemorrhage in their carriers have been described (J Biol Chem 2002, Vol 275:22611-22614). In smooth muscle cells the P₂X₁ receptors are responsible for vasoconstriction. In endothelium cells the activation of P₂X₁ by ATP leads to the liberation of prostacyclin and nitrogen monoxide (NO), which exert vasodilatory and antiproliferative effects on smooth muscle cells (TIPS 1998, Vol 19:99-107).

Recently, the sequence of the promoter of the P₂X₁ gene and its deletion mutants have been described (Gene 2001, Vol 269:167-175; Accession Number AF177472, NCBI Nucleotide Database). It has been shown that certain regions of the promoter contribute pivotally to the transcription of the P₂X₁ mRNA. Furthermore, it is known that the P₂X₁ protein is involved in thrombotic processes (J Exp Med 198(4):661-7, 2003).

In the present invention, reference to positions within the nucleotide sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter is made referring to SEQ ID NO:1, which corresponds to the sequence available under the Accession Number AF177472 at the NCBI Nucleotide Database. Preferably, the P₂X₁ protein comprises the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO:2, which is available under the Accession Number S71927 at the NCBI Protein Database.

In the present invention, previously unknown variations of individual nucleotides in the P₂X₁ promoter have been observed, which are correlated to the predisposition of an individual to develop thrombotic disease. These variations comprise the variation from C to T at position 304, from G to C at position 764, from T to G at position 838, or from T to C at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1. The order of citation of the individual nucleotides, e.g. “from C to T at position 304” indicates the variation from the more frequently occurring base at a given position to the less frequently observed base at the same position.

According to the present invention, an individual may comprise 1, 2, 3 or 4 of the variations in the P₂X₁ promoter at the positions 304, 764,838 or 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1, may comprise no variation at the positions 304, 764, 838 or 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1, or may comprise any combination of either the bases C or T at position 304, G or C at position 764, T or G at position 838, or T or C at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1 on either one or both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter.

In the present invention, diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease comprises the determination of the risk of an individual to develop thrombotic disease, and/or the diagnosis of acute or chronic thrombotic disease. Thrombotic disease comprises any form of thrombosis, in particular any form of intravital blood plug formation in arteries or veins and any associated clinical symptoms in any part of the human or animal body, in particular in any organ or member. A blood plug comprises in particular aggregates of blood platelets and/or plaque material derived from arteriosclerotic plaques. Thrombotic disease preferably comprises peripheral vascular disease (PVD), myocardial infarction, preferably early myocardial infarction, and stroke, in particular comprising transitory ischemic attack (TIA) and/or prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND). PVD comprises in particular a common circulation problem in which the arteries that carry blood to the legs or arms become narrowed or clogged, and which is sometimes called peripheral arterial disease, or PAD. Many people also refer to the condition as “hardening of the arteries.” Early myocardial infarction preferably refers to any form of myocardial infarction occurring in people or animals at any age prior to old age.

The methods of diagnosis of the invention preferably refer to in vitro methods of diagnosis, wherein a tissue sample is used, which has been removed from the body of an individual prior to executing the method of diagnosis of the invention. Further preferred embodiments of the invention refer to in vivo methods of diagnosis, preferably wherein a tissue sample located within the body of an individual is used in in-situ methods of diagnosis.

In the present invention, a tissue sample comprises preferably cells, such as blood cells, in particular blood platelets, red and/or white blood cells, smooth muscle cells, striated muscle cells, epithelial cells of any epithelium, connective tissue cells of any connective tissue, neurons, tissue samples of the skin, mucosal tissue samples, tissue samples of any organ, and any body fluids, in particular whole blood, or any blood fraction, liquor, lymph, urine, saliva, and semen.

In the present invention, an individual comprises any vertebrate animal, preferably any mammal, preferably a human, of any age or sex, in particular a new-born, child, adolescent, adult, or senescent human or animal, any human or animal germ-line cell, a human or animal oocyte or spermatocyte, a human or animal fertilized oocyte, any human or animal being prior to birth, in particular any human or animal embryo or fetus.

In a preferred embodiment of the method of diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, the presence in a tissue sample from an individual of at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising a variation from C to T at position 304 of SEQ ID NO:1 is indicative of an increased risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD). Preferably, the presence of the variation from C to T at position 304 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter is indicative of a further increased risk of PVD.

In a further preferred embodiment, the presence in a tissue sample of at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising a variation from G to C at position 764 of SEQ ID NO:1 is indicative of an increased risk of PVD. Preferably, the presence of the variation from G to C at position 764 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter is indicative of a further increased risk of PVD.

In further preferred embodiments, the presence of the variation from C to T at position 304 of SEQ ID NO:1 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter, or the presence of the variation from G to C at position 764 of SEQ ID NO:1 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter is indicative of a reduced risk of stroke, in particular of a reduced risk of transitory ischemic attack (TIA) or of prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND).

In further preferred embodiments, the presence of C at position 304 of SEQ ID NO:1 instead of a T on at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter, or the presence of G at position 764 of SEQ ID NO:1 instead of C on at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter is indicative of an increased risk of stroke.

In a further preferred embodiment, the presence in a tissue sample of at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising a variation from T to G at position 838 of SEQ ID NO:1 is indicative of a reduced risk of early myocardial infarction. Furthermore, the presence in a tissue sample of at least one allele of the P2X1 promoter comprising a T at position 838 of SEQ ID NO:1 is indicative an increased risk of premature myocardial infarction. Preferably, the presence of the variation from T to G at position 838 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter is indicative of a further reduced risk of early myocardial infarction.

In the present invention, the risk of an early myocardial infarction is preferably the risk of women having less than 55 years of age or of men having less than 60 years of age of suffering a myocardial infarction.

In a further preferred embodiment, the presence in a tissue sample of at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising the variation from T to C at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1 is indicative of an increased risk of PVD. Preferably, the presence of the variation from T to C at position 1002 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter is indicative of a further increased risk of PVD.

In further preferred embodiments, the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter is determined at more than one position, preferably at two, at three, or at all positions 304, 764, 838, or 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1. Preferably, the sequence of both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter is determined at one, two, three or all positions 304, 764, 838, or 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1.

Preferably, the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter or of fragments thereof comprising at least one of positions 304, 764, 838, or 1002 of SEQ ID N 0:1 is determined using any method for the sequence analysis of nucleic acids, in particular any DNA sequencing protocol based on the DNA sequencing protocol according to Sanger (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, edited by Fred M. Ausubel, Roger Brent, Robert E. Kingston, David D. Moore, J. G. Seidman, John A. Smith, Kevin Struhl; Looseleaf: 0-471-650338-X; CD-ROM: 0-471-30661-4), in particular using radioactively labeled nucleotides or using nucleotides labeled with a fluorescent dye, in particular involving a polymerase chain reaction (PCR), or using a chemical sequencing method (Pyrosequencing: an accurate detection platform for single nucleotide polymorphisms, Hum Mutat. 2002 May; 19(5):479-85), in particular using pyrosequencing (Pyrosequencing for SNP genotyping, Methods Mol Biol. 2003; 212:189-95; Comparison of GenFlex Tag array and Pyrosequencing in SNP genotyping, J Mol Diagn. 2003 November; 5(4):243-9; Microarrays and genetic epidemiology: a multipurpose tool for a multifaceted field. Genet Epidemiol. 2002 June; 23(1):4-20, review), or using mass spectrometry for the analysis of a nucleic acid sequence (A novel MALDI-TOF based methodology for genotyping single nucleotide polymorphisms, Nucleic Acids Res. 2003 Dec. 15; 31(24):e155; Digital genotyping using molecular affinity and mass spectrometry, Nat Rev Genet. 2003 December; 4(12):1001-8).

In addition, the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter or of fragments thereof comprising at least one of the positions 304, 764, 838, or 1002 of SEQ ID NO: 1 can be determined using any sequence-specific nucleic acid detection method allowing to detect single-nucleotide variations, in particular any such method involving complementary base pairing. For example, the P₂X₁ promoter variants of the invention can be detected in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using oligonucleotide primers allowing the amplification of a P₂X₁ promoter fragment only if either C or T is present at position 304, either G or C is present at position 764, either T or G is present at position 838, and/or either T or C is present at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1. Methods for performing PCR are known in the art (Current Protocols in Molecular biology; edited by Fred M. Ausubel et al., supra). Further, a so-called TaqMan analysis can be used for the detection of the P₂X₁ promoter variants of the invention (PNAS USA, 88: 7276-7280; Nucl Acid Res, 21: 3761-3766). Further, a DNA-microarray allowing the detection of a P₂X₁ promoter fragment only if either C or T is present at position 304, either G or C is present at position 764, either T or G is present at position 838, and/or either T or C is present at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1 can be used, which the skilled person readily provides (Microarrays and genetic epidemiology: a multipurpose tool for a multifaceted field, Genet Epidemiol. 2002 June; 23(1):4-20; High-density genechip oligonucleotide probe arrays, Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2002; 77:21-42). Further, Southern hybridization assays using nucleic acid probes allowing the detection of the single-nucleotide polymorphisms of the P₂X₁ promoter variants of the invention may be used.

Preferably, the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter is determined in a DNA sequencing protocol or in a method involving a polymerase chain reaction, preferably in a TaqMan PCR analysis, using at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 304 of SEQ ID NO:1, using at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 764 of SEQ ID NO:1, using at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 838 of SEQ ID NO:1, and/or using at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:10 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1.

SEQ ID NO:3 corresponds to position 62490-62507 of the NCBI sequence AC005940.3.

SEQ ID NO:4 is the antisense strang to position 472-289 of SEQ ID NO:1.

SEQ ID NO:5 corresponds to position 618-635 in SEQ ID NO:1.

SEQ ID NO:6 is the antisense strang to position 775-784 of SEQ ID NO:1.

SEQ ID NO:7 corresponds to position 818-837 in SEQ ID NO:1.

SEQ ID NO:8 is the antisense strang to position 1003-1022 of SEQ ID NO:1

SEQ ID NO:9 corresponds to position 818-837 in SEQ ID NO:1.

SEQ ID NO:10 is the antisense strang to position 1003-1022 in SEQ ID NO:1.

In a further preferred embodiment of the method of the invention of diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, an altered amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample is indicative of the predisposition to develop thrombotic disease.

In the present invention, determining the amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample preferably comprises determining its amount or determining its presence in a tissue sample. Preferably, determining the amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample comprises any method of detecting an individual protein, for example a Western analysis or an ELISA assay using an anti-P₂X₁ antiserum or an anti-P₂X₁ antibody, in particular using a monoclonal anti-P₂X₁ antibody or an anti-P₂X₁ antibody fragment, in particular P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample using a single-chain antibody or an enzymatically or recombinantly produced antibody fragment (Current Protocols in Immunology; edited by: John E. Coligan, Ada M. Kruisbeek, David H. Margulies, Ethan M. Shevach, Waren Strober; Looseleaf: 0-471-52276-7; CD-ROM: 0371-30660-6). The invention encompasses the use of any anti-P₂X₁ antiserum or anti-P₂X₁ antibody, in particular any monoclonal anti-P₂X₁ antibody or an anti-P₂X₁ antibody fragment, in particular any single-chain antibody or enzymatically or recombinantly produced antibody fragment in the methods and test systems of the invention.

In preferred embodiments, the amount of the P₂X₁ mRNA is indicative of the amount of the P₂X₁ protein. Preferably, the amount of the P₂X₁ protein is determined by measuring the amount of the P₂X₁ mRNA. Preferably, the presence of the P₂X₁ mRNA is indicative of the presence of the P₂X₁ protein. Preferably, the P₂X₁ mRNA in the sense as used herein comprises the complementary sequence to at least part of the P₂X₁ promoter and/or encompasses at least part of the coding region of the P₂X₁ gene. Preferably, the amount of a precursor mRNA or of the mature mRNA or of a fragment thereof is determined. Preferably, the amount or presence of the mRNA is determined in a Northern analysis (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; edited by Fred M. Ausubel et al., supra), in a PCR analysis comprising an initial step of reverse transcribing the RNA molecule, in a differential display analysis (Comparative gene-expression analysis; Trends Biotechnol. 1999 February; 17(2):73-8), or in a representational difference analysis (Comparative gene-expression analysis; Trends Biotechnol. 1999, supra).

In further preferred embodiments, the activity of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample is indicative of its amount. Preferably, the activity of the P₂X₁ protein is determined in a P₂X₁ activity assay (Journal Biol. Chemistry, published Dec. 29, 2003 ahead of publishing as Manuscript No M308964200). Preferably, the activity of the P₂X₁ protein is determined in a human or animal cell.

According to a further aspect of the present invention, the variations in the P₂X₁ promoter of the present invention allow to provide a test system for the convenient determination of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease. Thus, a further aspect of the present invention refers to a test system comprising at least one nucleic acid probe or oligonucleotide for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 304, preferably for detecting either C or T at position 304, for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 764, preferably for detecting either G or C at position 764, for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 838, preferably for detecting either T or G at position 838, or for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 1002, preferably for detecting either T or C at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1 in a tissue sample obtained from an individual.

Preferably, the oligonucleotide is at least one PCR primer, preferably a set of PCR §0 primers is provided, which allows to amplify a P₂X₁ promoter fragment only if either C or T is present at position 304, either G or C is present at position 764, either T or G is present at position 838, and/or either T or C is present at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1. The skilled person readily provides such an oligonucleotide or set of PCR primers (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; edited by Fred M. Ausubel et al., supra).

In a preferred embodiment, the test system comprises at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 304 of SEQ ID NO:1, at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 764 of SEQ ID NO:1, at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 838 of SEQ ID NO:1, and/or at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO:10 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1.

In a further preferred embodiment, the test system comprises a DNA-microarray, which preferably allows the detection of a P₂X₁ promoter fragment only if C is present at position 304, only if T is present at position 304, only if G is present at position 764, only if C is present at position 764, only if T is present at position 838, only if G is present at position 838, only if T is present at position 1002 and/or only if C is present at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1, which the skilled person readily provides (Microarrays and genetic epidemiology: a multipurpose tool for a multifaceted field, Genet Epidemiol. 2002 June; 23(1):4-20; High-density genechip oligonucleotide probe arrays, Adv Biochem Eng Biotechnol. 2002; 77:21-24).

In a further preferred embodiment, the test system comprises a labeled nucleic acid probe for use in a Southern hybridization assay, which allows the detection of a P₂X₁ promoter fragment only if C is present at position 304, only if T is present at position 304, only if G is present at position 764, only if C is present at position 764, only if T is present at position 838, only if G is present at position 838, only if T is present at position 1002 and/or only if C is present at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1. The skilled person is able to perform such experiments (Current Protocols in Molecular Biology; edited by Fred M. Ausubel et al., supra).

Preferably, the nucleic acid probe is radioactively labeled, fluorescently labeled, or is immunologically detectable, in particular is digoxygenin-labeled (Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Mannheim).

Still a further aspect of the present invention refers to the use of the above-mentioned test system comprising at least one nucleic acid probe or oligonucleotide for the diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease. With respect to the use of the test system, the embodiments defined above for the method of the invention of diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease also apply.

A further aspect of the present invention refers to a test system comprising at least one anti-P₂X₁ antiserum, anti-P₂X₁ antibody, or anti-P₂X₁ antibody-fragment for determining the presence, preferably the amount, of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample obtained from an individual.

Preferably the test system comprises at least one monoclonal anti-P₂X₁ antibody or an anti-P₂X₁ antibody fragment, in particular a single-chain antibody or an antibody fragment, preferably an enzymatically or recombinantly produced single-chain antibody or an antibody fragment (references). Preferably, the test system of the invention encompasses any anti-P₂X₁ antiserum or anti-P₂X₁ antibody, in particular any monoclonal anti-P₂X₁ antibody or any anti-P₂X₁ antibody fragment, preferably any enzymatically or recombinantly produced single-chain antibody or an antibody fragment.

In the present invention, the P₂X₁ protein preferably comprises the amino acid sequence according to SEQ ID NO:2, which is available under the Accession Number S71927 at the NCBI protein database.

Preferably, the amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample is determined using any method of detecting the presence or measuring the amount of an individual protein, for example in a Western analysis or in an ELISA assay.

A further aspect of the invention refers to the use of the test system comprising at least one anti-P₂X₁ antiserum, anti-P₂X₁ antibody, or anti-P₂X₁ antibody-fragment for the diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease.

Further aspects of the present invention refer to the detection of new prophylactic and therapeutic compounds for thrombotic disease, with the help of the P₂X₁ promoter variants of the invention.

A further aspect of the present invention refers to a P₂X₁ promoter variant comprising a DNA fragment comprising at least one of the positions 304, 764, 838, and/or 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1. Preferably, the P₂X₁ promoter variant comprises T or C at position 304, C or G at position 764, T at position 838, and/or C at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1. Preferably, the P₂X₁ promoter variant comprises the regions of the P₂X₁ promoter, which have been shown to contribute to the transcription of the P₂X₁ mRNA (Gene 2001, Vol 269:167-175).

A further aspect of the present invention refers to a test system comprising the P₂X₁ promoter variant of the invention, wherein the promoter variant directs the synthesis of a detectable product.

A further aspect of the present invention refers to the use of the test system comprising the P₂X₁ promoter variant of the invention for screening for an anti-thrombotic agent. Preferably, an anti-thrombotic agent is identified by its ability to counteract the effect of a given P₂X₁ promoter variant as compared to a wild type P₂X₁ promoter.

According to a further aspect of the invention referring to the detection of new prophylactic and therapeutic compounds for thrombotic disease, wherein the P₂X₁ promoter variants of the invention are used with advantage, a method of screening for an anti-thrombotic agent is provided.

A further aspect of the present invention refers to a method of screening for an anti-thrombotic agent, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a P₂X₁ promoter variant of the invention, preferably a P₂X₁ promoter variant comprising T or C at position 304, C or G at position 764, T at position 838, or C at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1, (b) bringing the P₂X₁ promoter variant into contact with a test compound, and (c) determining the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter variant.

Preferably, an anti-thrombotic agent is an active agent for the prophylaxis or the treatment of thrombotic disease, preferably of PVD, stroke, preferably TIA, PRIND, and/or myocardial infarction, preferably early myocardial infarction.

In further preferred embodiments, the method of screening is adapted to a high-throughput screening of test compounds.

Preferably, the method involves determining the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter variant in the presence of a test compound, and comparing it to the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter variant in the absence of the test compound. Preferably, the method involves the use of the test system of the invention for screening for an anti-thrombotic agent, as described herein.

A test compound is preferably a small molecule which is a candidate for an effector molecule enhancing or inhibiting the activity of a component of the transcriptional apparatus of a cell, and in particular a candidate for a small molecule effector interacting with a component of the basal transcription apparatus, in particular interacting with the general or basal transcription factors involved in the mechanics of binding to DNA and initiating transcription. Preferably, the test compound is any chemical compound, such as a naturally occurring compound or a chemically synthesized compound that is identical or similar to a naturally occurring compound, or any chemically synthesized compound that does not occur in nature.

A naturally occurring compound is preferably a compound that can be detected in or isolated from a multicellular or single-cell organism, in particular in an animal, a plant, a fungus, a yeast, a bacterium, or any other cell-containing organism, or in a virus. A chemically synthesized compound that does not occur in nature is preferably synthesized by combinatorial chemistry. Preferably, it comprises a lead structure derived from a naturally occurring compound, preferably from a candidate for an effector molecule which can bind to a transcription factor or component of the basal transcriptional apparatus of a cell.

Preferably, the test compound is a biochemical or chemical test compound, e.g. in the form of a chemical compound library. According to the present invention the term “chemical compound library” refers to a plurality of chemical compounds that have been assembled from any of multiple sources, including chemically synthesized molecules and natural products, or that have been generated by combinatorial chemistry techniques. Preferably, the test compound is any low-molecular weight compound.

Advantageously, a chemical compound library is especially suitable for high throughput screening. It may be comprised of chemical compounds of a particular structure or compounds of a particular creature such as a plant.

In a preferred embodiment, the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising T at position 304 of SEQ ID NO:1, in particular in a cell comprising T on one or both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter, is determined and compared to the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising C at position 304, and an anti-thrombotic agent is identified as a test compound which reverses the effect of T at position 304 on the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter. Preferably, the thus identified anti-thrombotic agent can be used for the prevention or the therapy of peripheral vascular disease (PVD).

In a further preferred embodiment, the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising C at position 304 of SEQ ID NO:1, in particular in a cell comprising C on one or both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter, is determined and compared to the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising T at position 304, and an anti-thrombotic agent is identified as a test compound which reverses the effect of C at position 304 on the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter. Preferably, the thus identified anti-thrombotic agent can be used for the prevention or the therapy of stroke, preferably of TIA or PRIND.

In a further preferred embodiment, the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising C at position 764 of SEQ ID NO: 1, in particular in a cell comprising C on one or both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter, is determined and compared to the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising G at position 764, and an anti-thrombotic agent is identified as a test compound which reverses the effect of C at position 764 on the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter. Preferably, the thus identified anti-thrombotic agent can be used for the prevention or the therapy of PVD.

In a further preferred embodiment, the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising G at position 764 of SEQ ID NO:1, in particular in a cell comprising G on one or both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter, is determined and compared to the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising C at position 764, and an anti-thrombotic agent is identified as a test compound which reverses the effect of G at position 764 on the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter. Preferably, the thus identified anti-thrombotic agent can be used for the prevention or the therapy of stroke, preferably of TIA or PRIND.

In a further preferred embodiment, the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising T at position 838 of SEQ ID NO:1, in particular in a cell comprising T on one or both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter, is determined and compared to the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising G at position 838, and an anti-thrombotic agent is identified as a test compound which reverses the effect of T at position 838 on the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter. Preferably, the thus identified anti-thrombotic agent can be used for the prevention or the therapy of myocardial infarction, preferably of early myocardial infarction.

In a preferred embodiment, the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising C at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1, in particular in a cell comprising C on one or both alleles of the P₂X₁ promoter, is determined and compared to the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter comprising T at position 1002, and an anti-thrombotic agent is identified as a test compound which reverses the effect of C at position 1002 on the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter. Preferably, the thus identified anti-thrombotic agent can be used for the prevention or the therapy of PVD.

A further aspect of the present invention refers to a method for the manufacture of a medicament comprising at least one anti-thrombotic agent for the prophylaxis or treatment of thrombotic disease, preferably of PVD, stroke, in particular TIA or PRIND, and or of myocardial infarction, preferably of early myocardial infarction, wherein the anti-thrombotic agent is detected using the P₂X₁ promoter variants of the invention, preferably wherein the anti-thrombotic agent is detected in the method of the invention of screening for an anti-thrombotic agent.

A further aspect of the present invention refers to a method of identifying an anti-thrombotic agent which can be used for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of an individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, comprising the steps of: (a) identifying an individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, using the method of the present invention for identifying an individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, and (b) identifying an anti-thrombotic agent for the treatment of said individual, using the method of the invention of screening for an anti-thrombotic agent.

Another aspect of the present invention refers to a method of adapting a therapeutic or prophylactic dose of an anti-thrombotic agent, comprising the steps of: (a) identifying an individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, using the method of the present invention for identifying an individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, (b) identifying an anti-thrombotic agent for the treatment of said individual, using the method of the present invention of screening for an anti-thrombotic agent, and (c) selecting a therapeutically or prophylactically effective dose of said anti-thrombotic agent for said individual.

In addition, the invention refers to any further uses of the P₂X₁ promoter variants of the invention, wherein thrombotic diseases or their predisposition is diagnosed, or treatments are provided.

A further aspect of the present invention refers to the use of the P₂X₁ promoter variants of the invention for the development of a method or test system for the diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, a method or test system for screening for an anti-thrombotic agent, a method or test system for identifying an individual which can be treated with an anti-thrombotic agent, or a method or test system for adapting a therapeutic or prophylactic dose of an anti-thrombotic agent.

In the following, the invention is described in more detail with reference to amino acid sequences, nucleic acid sequences and the examples. Yet, no limitation of the invention is intended by the details of the examples. Rather, the invention pertains to any embodiment which comprises details which are not explicitly mentioned in the examples herein, but which the skilled person finds without undue effort.

Description of the sequences

-   SEQ ID NO:1 comprises the DNA sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter     available under the Accession No. AF177472 at the NCBI Nucleotide     Database. -   SEQ ID NO:2 comprises the amino acid sequence of the P₂X₁ protein,     available under the Accession No. S71927 at the NCBI Protein     Database. -   SEQ ID NO:3 comprises the sequence of a first oligonucleotide for     determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 304 of SEQ     ID NO:1. SEQ ID NO:3 corresponds to position 62490-62507 of the NCBI     sequence AC005940.3. -   SEQ ID NO:4 comprises the sequence of a second oligonucleotide for     determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 304 of SEQ     ID NO:1, which is located in the 3′-direction relative to SEQ ID     NO:3 on the complementary strand. SEQ ID NO:4 is the antisense     strang to position 472-289 of SEQ ID NO:1. -   SEQ ID NO:5 comprises the sequence of a first oligonucleotide for     determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 764 of SEQ     ID NO:1. SEQ ID NO:5 corresponds to position 618-635 in SEQ ID NO:1. -   SEQ ID NO:6 comprises the sequence of a second oligonucleotide for     determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 764 of SEQ     ID NO:1, which is located in the 3′-direction relative to SEQ ID     NO:5 on the complementary strand. SEQ ID NO:6 is the antisense     strang to position 775-784 of SEQ ID NO:1. -   SEQ ID NO:7 comprises the sequence of a first oligonucleotide for     determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 838 of SEQ     ID NO:1. SEQ ID NO:7 corresponds to position 818-837 in SEQ ID NO:1. -   SEQ ID NO:8 comprises the sequence of a second oligonucleotide for     determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 838 of SEQ     ID NO:1, which is located in the 3′-direction relative to SEQ ID     NO:7 on the complementary strand. SEQ ID NO:8 is the antisense     strang to position 1003-1022 of SEQ ID NO:1. -   SEQ ID NO:9 comprises the sequence of a first oligonucleotide for     determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 1002 of     SEQ ID NO:1. SEQ ID NO:9 corresponds to position 818-837 in SEQ ID     NO: 1. -   SEQ ID NO:10 comprises the sequence of a second oligonucleotide for     determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 1002 of     SEQ ID NO:1, which is located in the 3′-direction relative to SEQ ID     NO:9 on the complementary strand. SEQ ID NO:10 is the antisense     strang to position 1003-1022 in SEQ ID NO:1.

DESCRIPTION OF THE EXAMPLES

Abbreviations Used for the P₂X₁ Promoter Variants

The following abbreviations are used, wherein the indicated positions refer to the positions of the nucleotides in SEQ ID NO:1:

-   -   P₂X₁ C304C refers to a group of persons carrying a cytidine (C)         at position 304 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ gene. These persons         are homocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ C304T refers to a group of persons carrying a cytidine (C)         at position 304 on one allele of the P₂X₁ gene and a         thymidine (T) at position 304 on the other allele of the P₂X₁         gene. These persons are heterocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ T304T refers to a group of persons carrying a thymidine (T)         at position 304 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ gene. These persons         are homocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ G764G refers to a group of persons carrying a guanosine (G)         at position 764 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ gene. These persons         are homocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ C764G refers to a group of persons carrying a cytidine (C)         at position 764 on one allele of the P₂X₁ gene and carrying a         guanosine (G) at position 764 on the other allele of the P₂X₁         gene. These persons are heterocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ C764C refers to a group of persons carrying a cytidine (C)         at position 764 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ gene. These persons         are homocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ T838T refers to a group of persons carrying a thymidine (T)         at position 838 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ gene. These persons         are homocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ T838G refers to a group of persons carrying a thymidine (T)         at position 838 on one allele of the P₂X₁ gene and a         guanosine (G) at position 838 on the other allele of the P₂X₁         gene. These persons are heterocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ G838G refers to a group of persons carrying a guanosine (G)         at position 838 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ gene. These persons         are homocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.

P₂X₁ T1002T refers to a group of persons carrying a thymidine (T) at position 1002 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ gene. These persons are homocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.

-   -   P₂X₁ TI 002C refers to a group of persons carrying a         thymidine (T) at position 1002 on one allele of the P₂X₁ gene         and a cytidine (C) at position 1002 on the other allele of the         P₂X₁ gene. These persons are heterocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.     -   P₂X₁ C1002C refers to a group of persons carrying a cytidine (C)         at position 1002 on both alleles of the P₂X₁ gene. These persons         are homocygous for this P₂X₁ variant.

The four single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) identified in the P₂X₁ promoter regions were investigated in a group of 1404 patients, in order to determine the association of these genetic variations with the clinical symptoms of these patients.

Detection of Single-Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs) by DNA Sequence Analysis

Genomic regions within the promoter of the P₂X₁ gene were amplified using the following oligonucleotide primers:

-   1. For the detection of the nucleotide variation from C to T at     position 304 in the P₂X₁ promoter sequence, the following primers     were used, which are derived from the sequence AC005940.3:

AC005940.3 is the number of a sequence deposited in the NCBI database of a genomic clone, which comprises sequences upstream of the P₂X₁ promoter. Based on that sequence, it is possible to design an oligonucleotide which can be used for the amplification of that region which allows identification of P₂X₁ promoter variants at position 304. In contrast, AF177472.1 is the number of that sequence of the P₂X₁ gene which has been deposited in the NCBI database and which comprises the promoter region and parts of the coding region. 5′-GAAAAGCCCATGACACCC-3′ 5′-CAACACGGGACAGAGAAC-3′

2. For the detection of the nucleotide variation from G to C at position 764 in the P₂X₁ promoter sequence, the following primers were used, which were derived from SEQ ID NO:1: 5′-GATGTGGTGCTGGTCTTG-3′ 5′-GCTGGCATCTCTATCCCCCA-3′

3. For the detection of the nucleotide variation from T to G at position 838 in the P₂X₁ promoter sequence, the following primers were used, which were derived from SEQ ID NO:1: 5′-GGAACTCAGAGCCTCCTTCC-3′ 5′-GGCAAGATGGAGCTCTGGCC-3′

4. For the detection of the nucleotide variation from T to C at position 1002 in the P₂X₁ promoter sequence, the following primers were used, which were derived from SEQ ID NO:1: 5′-GGAACTCAGAGCCTCCTTCC-3′ 5′-GGCAAGATGGAGCTCTGGCC-3′

The genomic regions were amplified using the above-identified oligonucleotide primers in the PCR protocol indicated below.

The reagents used were from Applied Biosystems (Foster City, USA):

20 ng genomic DNA; 1 unit TaqGold DNA polymerase; 1× Taq polymerase buffer; 500 μM dNTPs; 2.5 mM MgCl₂; 200 nM of each amplification primer pair (sequences under 1. and 2.); H₂O ad 5 μl.

PCR amplification program for genotyping 1 cycle comprising: 95° C. for 10 min; followed by 2 cycles, 95° C. for 30 sec, followed by each comprising: 70° C. for 30 sec; followed by 2 cycles, 95° C. for 30 sec, followed by each comprising: 65° C. for 30 sec; followed by 2 cycles, 95° C. for 30 sec, followed each comprising: by 60° C. for 30 sec; followed by 40 cycles, 95° C. for 30 sec, followed each comprising: by 56° C. for 30 sec, followed by 72° C. for 30 sec; followed by 1 cycle comprising: 72° C. for 10 min, followed by 4° C. for 30 sec.

PCR amplification program for sequencing 1 cycle comprising: 96° C. for 2 min; followed by 30 cycles, 96° C. for 10 sec, followed by each comprising: 55° C. for 10 sec, followed by 65° C. for 4 min; followed by 1 cycle comprising: 72° C. for 7 min, followed by 4° C. for 30 sec. Analysis of the Sequencing Products

The sequences were first analyzed using the Sequence Analysis Software (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, USA) in order to obtain crude data. The crude data were processed using Phred, Phrap, Polyphred and Consed. Phred, Phrap, Polyphred and Consed are software written by Phil Green of the Washington University (http://www.genome.washington.edu).

Example: Results Obtained with a Group of 1404 Patients

Table 1 indicates the characteristics of the group of patients in which the genetic variants at the positions 304, 764, 838 and 1002 of SEQ ID NO: 1 in the promoter region of the P₂X₁ were analyzed. TABLE 1 n % Total 1404 Gender Female 406 28.9 Male 998 71.1 Age* 62.7 (30.0-90.7) BMI* 27.8 (Body Mass (16.7-57.1) Index) High blood 834 59.4 pressure Smokers 923 65.7 Angina pectoris 210 62.7 Diabetics (ADA) 445 31.7 Cardiac 579 41.0 infarction CAD (>20% 1087 78.8 stenosis) Stroke 106 7.5 *Medians and Quartiles (Q1-Q3)

Table 2 indicates the distibution of P₂X₁ variants in the analyzed group of patients referring to the indicated positions according to SEQ ID NO: 1 in the P₂X₁ promoter region. TABLE 2 not deter- P₂X₁ C304C P₂X₁ C304T P₂X₁ T304T mined Patients (n) 674 596 119 15 P₂X₁ G764G P₂X₁ G764C P₂X₁ C764C Patients (n) 685 595 119 5 P₂X₁ T838T P₂X₁ T838G P₂X₁ G838G Patients (n) 1128  243  17 16 P₂X₁ T1002T P₂X₁ T1002C P₂X₁ C1002C Patients (n) 410 669 299 17

Table 3 indicates the association of the indicated P₂X₁ variants according to SEQ ID NO: 1 with the clinical endpoints in the analyzed group of patients. The number of patients in which the indicated clinical endpoint was observed is given in percent. TABLE 3 P₂X₁ genotype P₂X₁ C304C P₂X₁ C304T P₂X₁ T304T PVD 7.27% 9.90% 13.45% Stroke/PRIND/TIA 7.27% 8.89%  2.52% P₂X₁ G764G P₂X₁ G764C P₂X₁ C764C PVD 7.01% 10.08%  13.45% Stroke/PRIND/TIA 7.30% 8.91%  2.52% P₂X₁ T838T P₂X₁ T838G P₂X₁ G838G Early myocardial 20.12%  13.99%   5.88% infarction P₂X₁ T1002T P₂X₁ T1002C P₂X₁ C1002C PVD 5.73% 9.72% 11.04%

In the analyzed group of patients an increased risk of PVD was observed, depending on the presence and the number of alleles comprising a T at position 304 or, respectively, the presence and the number of alleles comprising a C at position 764 in the promoter of the P₂X₁ gene. In addition, a reduced risk of stroke/PRIND/TIA was observed in patients carrying P₂X₁ T304T or P₂X₁ C764C. An increased risk for the occurrence of an early myocardial infarction (defined as myocardial infarction in women <55 years and men <60 years) depends on the presence and the number of alleles comprising a T at position 838 in the promoter of the P₂X₁ gene. Further, an increased risk for the occurrence of PVD depends on the presence and the number of alleles comprising a C at position 1002 in the promoter of the P₂X₁ gene. On the basis of these association analyses it can be concluded that genetic variations in the promoter region of the P₂X₁ gene have an important impact on the occurrence and the frequency of cardiovascular and thrombotic diseases. 

1. A method of diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, comprising: (a) determining a sequence of at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter including one or more of the nucleotides at position 304, 764, 838, or 1002 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or (b) determining an amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample from an individual.
 2. The method according to claim 1, wherein T at position 304 on at least one of said alleles is indicative of an increased risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
 3. The method according to claim 1, wherein C at position 764 on at least one of said alleles is indicative of an increased risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
 4. The method according to claim 1, wherein T at position 304 on both said alleles, or C at position 764 on both said alleles is indicative of a reduced risk of disease wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of stroke, transitory ischemic attack (TIA) and prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND).
 5. The method according to claim 1, wherein C at position 304, or G at position 764 is indicative of an increased risk of stroke.
 6. The method according to claim 1, wherein T at position 838 on at least one of said alleles is indicative of an increased risk of premature myocardial infarction.
 7. The method according to claim 1, wherein C at position 1002 on at least one of said alleles is indicative of an increased risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
 8. (canceled)
 9. (canceled)
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4 is used for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 304 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6 is used for determining the sequence of the P₂X promoter at position 764 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 is used for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 838 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO: 10 is used for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 11. The method claim 1, wherein the method of sequencing is selected from the group consisting of PCR amplification, sequencing according to Sanger, pyrosequencing, DNA sequencing with the help of mass spectroscopy, a DNA-microarray hybridization and Southern analysis.
 12. The method of claim 1, wherein an altered amount of the P₂X₁ protein is indicative of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease.
 13. The method according to claim 1 or 12, wherein an anti-P₂X₁ antiserum, anti-P₂X₁ antibody or anti-P₂X₁ antibody-fragment is used for determining the amount of the P₂X₁ protein.
 14. The method according to claim 1 or 12, wherein the amount of the P₂X₁ mRNA is determined and is indicative of the amount of the P₂X₁ protein.
 15. The method according to claim 14, wherein the amount of the mRNA molecule is determined by a Northern analysis, by a PCR analysis comprising an initial step of reverse transcribing the mRNA molecule, by a differential display analysis, or by a representational difference analysis.
 16. The method according to claim 1 or 12, wherein the activity of the P₂X₁ protein is determined and is indicative of the amount of the P₂X₁ protein.
 17. The method according to claim 16, wherein the activity of the P₂X₁ protein is determined in a human or animal cell.
 18. A test system comprising at least one nucleic acid probe or oligonucleotide used for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter at position 304, the sequence at position 764, the sequence at position 838, or the sequence at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1 in a tissue sample obtained from an individual.
 19. The test system according to claim 18 comprising at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:3 or SEQ ID NO:4 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter of at least one allele at position 304 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:5 or SEQ ID NO:6 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter of at least one allele at position 764 of SEQ ID NO: 1, at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:7 or SEQ ID NO:8 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter of at least one allele at position 838 of SEQ ID NO: 1, or at least one oligonucleotide comprising SEQ ID NO:9 or SEQ ID NO: 10 for determining the sequence of the P₂X₁ promoter of at least one allele at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 20. A method for the diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease comprising: (a) selecting at least one nucleic acid probe or oligonucleotide from the test system of claim 18, (b) obtaining a tissue sample from an individual, and (c) determining at least one sequence, wherein at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter sequence at position 304, the sequence at position 764, the sequence at position 838, or the sequence at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1 is determined.
 21. The method of claim 20, wherein T at position 304 on at least one said allele is indicative of an increased risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
 22. The method of claim 20, wherein C at position 764 on at least one said allele is indicative of an increased risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
 23. The method of claim 20, wherein T at position 304 on both said alleles, or C at position 764 of both said alleles is indicative of a reduced risk of disease wherein the disease is selected from the group consisting of stroke, of transitory ischemic attack (TIA) and prolonged reversible ischemic neurological deficit (PRIND).
 24. The method of claim 20, wherein C at position 304 or G at position 764 is indicative of an increased risk of stroke.
 25. The method of claim 20, wherein T at position 838 on at least one said allele is indicative of an increased risk of premature myocardial infarction.
 26. The method of claim 20, wherein C at position 1002 on at least one said allele is indicative of an increased risk of peripheral vascular disease (PVD).
 27. A test system comprising at least one anti-P₂X₁ antiserum, anti-P₂X₁ antibody, or anti-P₂X₁ antibody-fragment for determining the amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample obtained from an individual.
 28. A method for the diagnosis of a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease comprising: (a) selecting at least one anti-P₂X₁ antiserum, anti-P₂X₁ antibody, or anti-P₂X₁ antibody-fragment from the test system of claim 27: (b) obtaining a tissue sample from an individual, and (c) determining the amount of P₂X₁ protein wherein the amount of said P₂X₁ protein in the tissue sample is determined.
 29. The method of claim 28, wherein an altered amount of the P₂X₁ protein is indicative of an individual which can be prophylactically or therapeutically treated with an anti-thrombotic agent.
 30. A P₂X₁ promoter variant comprising at least one of T or C at position 304, C or G at position 764, T at position 838, or C at position 1002 of SEQ ID NO:
 1. 31. A test system comprising the P₂X₁ promoter variant according to claim 30, wherein the promoter variant produces a detectable product.
 32. A method of screening for an anti-thrombotic agent, comprising: (a) providing the P₂X₁ promoter variant according to claim 31, (b) bringing the P₂X₁ promoter variant into contact with a test compound, and (c) determining the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter variant by measuring the detectable product.
 33. A method of screening for an anti-thrombotic agent, wherein the method comprises the steps of: (a) providing a P₂X₁ promoter variant according to claim 30, (b) bringing the P₂X₁ promoter variant into contact with a test compound, and (c) determining the activity of the P₂X₁ promoter variant.
 34. The method according to claim 32 or 33 which is adapted to a high-throughput screening of test compounds.
 35. A method of identifying an anti-thrombotic agent which can be used for the prophylactic or therapeutic treatment of an individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease, comprising the steps of: (a) identifying the individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease by determining a sequence of at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter including one or more of the nucleotides at position 304, 764, 838, or 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1 or determining an amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample from an individual, and (b) identifying the anti-thrombotic agent for the treatment of said individual, using the method according to claims 32 or
 33. 36. A method of adapting a therapeutic or prophylactic dose of an anti-thrombotic agent, comprising the steps of: (a) identifying an individual having a predisposition to develop thrombotic disease by determining a sequence of at least one allele of the P₂X₁ promoter including one or more of the nucleotides at position 304, 764, 838, or 1002 of SEQ ID NO:1 or determining an amount of the P₂X₁ protein in a tissue sample from an individual, and (b) identifying the anti-thrombotic agent for the treatment of said individual, using the method according to claims 32 or 33, and (c) selecting the therapeutically or prophylactically effective dose of said anti-thrombotic agent for said individual.
 37. (canceled) 